The purpose of it efforts are to review the end result regarding breed and you will years on the egg development plus the eggs external and you can interior high quality into the five Italian twin-objective types , at the start and several weeks after than just earliest months putting activity you to definitely took place, respectively, at the end of june/start of autumn along with winter season, lower than variable environmental requirements.
dos.1. Animals and Rearing Requirements
Four Italian poultry types, Pepoi (PP), Ermellinata di Rovigo (ER), Robusta Maculata (RM) and you can Robusta Lionata (RL), was thought toward data. The body pounds out of mature lady are step one.twenty five kg into the PP, 2.31 kg inside Emergency room and you can step three.05 kilogram inside the RM and you will RL. Their resource ‘s the Veneto region (Italy): PP is actually an old local reproduce; their source is actually old to the fresh XIX century, however, no appropriate study towards their hereditary source occur. The other types are made during the Veneto inside the 1950s: this new Er reproduce comes from Sussex (tinted eggshell breed) and you may Rhode Isle (brown eggshell reproduce) types, whereas into RM and you may RL types, Brown Orpington and you may White The united states, a few brownish eggshell types were used . And the adult pounds, these types of breeds differ inside their plumage along with: it’s wonderful in PP, Emergency room shows erminate plumage, RM plumage try predominantly white that have black colored extremities a number of countries of looks, black feathers regarding primaries and you will tail and you can RL shows a great tawny plumage with black feathers out of primaries and you may tail. The breeds (Figure S1) show single comb and you may lay shaded eggshell eggs (Shape S2).
dos. Material and techniques
Birds out of for each and every reproduce hatched meanwhile (last half off age farm of Center getting Poultry Biodiversity Maintenance regarding Veneto part (they regularly offers the newest rearing of them types as well as for the egg production getting incubation and brooding), from inside the North Italy (45°02?53? N), off hatching to the pubertal years and you can in the laying months, and this come in the avoid off summer with the beginning of fall (Figure 1), with regards to the breed. Giving, rearing standards (photoperiod, temperature) and you may prophylaxis methods had been the same on the five breeds, since that time off hatching on prevent of read months, which had been into the , during the 53 months of age. The fresh recently hatched chicks have been remaining indoors within the very first 4 months regarding life, in the a green heat coming down of 32 so you can 24 °C, not as much as infra-yellow rays lights, to the litter. During the 1.5 days old, the newest birds received 100 % free usage of outdoor areas, away from spring so you can fall and you may winter months. Each breed (sixty hens) got totally free entry to outdoor (5 yards dos /bird) space (armed with linear drinkers), where in actuality the hens stayed non-stop, and also to interior (4 hens/yards 2 ) space (timber shavings and you can straw litter, which have perches and game feeders), mainly utilized for laying egg (collective nests) at night; the area (indoor and you can backyard) accessible to for each breed is actually split of the netting.
At the start of putting (around twenty two months old to your breed which have before start of putting), in the Sep–October, according to the reproduce, the photoperiod is actually sheer and you will coming down, with respect to the 12 months plus the geographic condition of one’s demo route when you look at the Northern Italy (on average, 12L:12D), and also for the second several months (out of 38 days of age, of December so you’re able to 53 weeks old), fake light try slowly improved (from inside the indoor room, incandescent light bulb, throughout the 60 lux) to acquire a photoperiod of 14L:10D. The photoperiod is regulated by the a timer, therefore is accomplished by switching on the latest light an hour or so just before sunrise and shutting off they an hour shortly after sundown. The exterior environmental temperatures try ten ± step three.4 °C and you may eleven ± step 3.0 °C, respectively, to the earliest (from the beginning regarding October on stop off November) as well as the 2nd (right away off January on the end of February) laying episodes, in the event that study on give abilities and you can egg top quality have been collected. This new dogs received post libitum industrial feeds according to its psychological phase (around three diversified industrial feeds into the increasing period). With the first laying stage (26–33 months old, below coming down absolute photoperiod), when the breeds come putting, the birds were given a commercial pelleted feed (PG = 16%, Myself = 11.8 MJ/kilogram, California = 1.1%, P = 0.6%) and you can maize (PG = 9.1%, Myself = 13.7 MJ/kg), at a proportion of just one:1. It’s worth remembering one, at du kan prova detta that decades, only the dual-mission and you can shaded eggshell types showed a changeable onset of laying and you can egg development rate, while the latest hens from the other breeds of brand new Preservation Middle to possess Biodiversity and you can hatched at the same time of your learnt types, including the light eggshell types, failed to begin installing (Padovana reproduce) or they displayed a highly scant laying hobby (Polverara reproduce), never achieving the threshold regarding 10% hen–date egg design. The reason behind the choice of the latest Preservation Hub, to not use a rss getting putting hens throughout the this era, is actually due to perhaps not pressuring the brand new pullets to help you egg development throughout a season which have decreasing temperature and you may photoperiod. The fresh new wild birds expanded outside, under favorable standards to possess skeletal fitness, walking around crushed and you will significantly less than solar radiation. Regarding outdoor area for each reproduce, the existence of lawn open to the new wild birds are high while in the the brand new growing several months than just within onset of laying, hence occurred pursuing the summer months, when the rain is scarce and don’t accommodate good yard regrowth. Of 38 to help you 53 days of age, and you can lower than broadening photoperiod, this new hens was provided a professional pelleted feed having laying (PG = 16%, Me = 11.5 MJ/kg, California = 4.2%, P = 0.6%). All feeds comprised mainly of maize and soybean.